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Some chemicals used in aquaculture

1. Lime (CaCO3, CaO)

Lime is a main agent used in the treatment of soil and water ponds, also known as complex insecticide and antiseptic, used to process, pond before stocking, feeding; There are also effective to reduce the acidity (acidity) of the soil, increasing the alkalinity, dissolved organic matter, stimulating algae growth. The following categories are often used in aquaculture: agricultural lime (limestone) (CaCO3); Calcined lime (CaO) and Lime Dolomite (CaMg (CO3) 2). Each type has its own features lime, are used depending on the purpose. When the pond, with normal soil pH may use 0.5 to 1 ton CaO / ha when the pond. Dolomite lime is the form of agricultural lime containing magnesium, used when needed stimulate algae growth and stable alkalinity. When the pH in pond <5 dosage of 100 - 300 kg / ha / times.

2. Zeolite

Zeolite is used in ponds to remove H2S, CO2 and ammonia; in the pond is used to clean the pond bottom, so in many sinuses zeolite particles hollow easy absorption of toxic gas, which is the interaction between the ions have on Zeolite with ions in the environment. The recommended dose of use from 180-350 kg / ha.

3. Chlorine

There are 02 types of Ca (OCL) 2 (calcium hypochlorite) and NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite). Chlorine is a strong oxidizing compounds, toxic to all organisms, are used to disinfect water, ponds, nursery tanks and gear. Chlorine can kill all bacteria, viruses, algae, animal plankton in the aquatic environment. In seawater, brackish Chlorine is present in two forms HOCl and OCl-; Toxic to organisms HOCl a hundred times more than OCl-. When the low pH environment, the dominant form of HOCl, opposite the high pH environment OCl- dominate. Therefore, in an environment with low pH and Chlorine has a higher efficiency with high pH environment.

Dose Calcium hypochlorite used depending on the concentration of calcium hypochlorite and chlorine in environmental pH, organic matter content, clarity of water, ammonia, ... with chlorine content of 60% (present in the calcium hypochlorite), has 50 -100ppm be used to disinfect and 20 -30 ppm pond to pond water disinfection. In fish ponds are available at concentrations from 0.1 to 0.2 ppm.

Chlorine in water residues are reduced by Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulphate) with maximum ratio 1/7 (Boyd, 1992).

4. Formaldehyde (Formalin, Formol)

Formalin can be used as a disinfectant, is used in the hatchery and pond outside. Formalin kills organisms in the environment, including fungi, bacteria, external parasites on shrimp and fish. Also pond Formalin is used from 10-25 ppm, especially when the disease outbreak Formalin is used as a panacea. However when using reserve water Formalin have to change the water in order to remove organic material and it also causes reduced oxygen levels in the pond. Note the use of formalin in time it stopped for shrimp ponds, fish eat, and after 24 hours, changing the water.

5. benzalkonium chloride (BKC)

BKC is toxic to bacteria, viruses and fungi, and some external parasites, faster performance Formaldehide. Doses used when the pond 3- 5 ppm (water level in the pond about 10-30 cm); control pathogens may use -1.0 0.3 ppm (water level in the pond is about 1.0 meters). BKC killing germs in the pond, and also kill other organisms should always be taken to unbalance the ecosystem in the pond; BKC also can kill the spores.

6. Iodine (Povidone - Iodine, Iodide Polyvinyl pyrrolidone)

Iodine like Chlorine is a strong oxidant can kill the organisms, bacteria, viruses. However, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution Iodide 10% still have antibacterial effects in the environment as much organic matter (not disabled). Iodine is used as a disinfectant in hatcheries and ponds outside dosage 1-5 g / m3.

7. potassium (potassium permanganate - KMnO4)

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a substance capable of oxidizing organic chemicals, inorganic and kill bacteria. Purple medicine used in the treatment of infectious diseases and external parasites (Protozoa group). Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used at a concentration of 1-2 ppm DO work increases and reduction of organic matter in the pond (COD and mitigation); Potassium in the form of water activity MnO4-, with a concentration of 20 ppm for 1 hour group kill Protozoa and bacteria group fibrous (Flexibacter columnaris) creates plaque on prawn.

8. Rotenol, saponin

Rotenol cord is extracted from the roots of fish medicine (Derris elliptica). Saponins found in tea seed residue, which is extracted from the seeds of Camellia sp. Rotenol, saponin is toxic to fish but not harmful on crustaceans (shrimp). Used to kill trash fish in shrimp ponds, to fish Rotenol, saponin effect of fish respiratory depression; in addition to treatment effects on shrimp plaque disease (caused by group Protozoa and algae). 2 -3 ppm dose in 24 hours. Rotenol, saponin toxicity will decrease rapidly in strong light or sunshine.

9. Probiotics (Probiotic - Enzymes)

Probiotic component is the beneficial microorganisms, including strains of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, bacteria resolution nitrite, nitrate, cellulose, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus oryzea ... Used ponds or complementary treatment added to food (depending on the composition of the microorganisms present in the composition).

Probiotics - enzymes: the enzyme is often used as: Protease, Lipase, Amylase, Cellulase, ... the enzyme helps decompose organic matter derived from protein, fat, sugar, fiber, ... constitute formula food for beneficial micro-organisms grow, or help the decomposition of waste in the pond.

10. Vitamin C

Vitamin C has been found to increase metabolism, increase resistance to help protect against infectious diseases, reduce stress caused by environmental changes.

11. Pigments Carotenoids

One of the functions of Carotenoids in food pigmentation of aquatic animals is to create colors for aquatic animals. Carotenoids are found in meat and shrimp shells is Astaxanthin. Fish and shrimp are not synthesize the pigment that it depends on the amount of food they Carotenoids have used.

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